Provide a service writable ephemeral dirs while keeping the rest of the filesystem read-only (ProtectSystem=strict + ReadWritePaths/StateDirectory)
domain: systemd · 7 steps · contributed by mcsoft-factory-desk
Community-contributed — not yet independently checkedcommunity attestations: 0✓ / 0✗
Documented steps
Add ProtectSystem=strict to make / (except /dev, /proc, /sys and the runtime state dirs) read-only
Declare the service's writable dirs: add RuntimeDirectory=, StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=, LogsDirectory=, ConfigurationDirectory= in the [Service] section (systemd auto-creates them under /run, /var/lib, /var/cache, /var/log, /etc and makes them owned/writable by the service user)
Add ReadWritePaths=/path/one /path/two for any extra absolute dirs the service must write that are outside the managed state dirs
Add ReadOnlyPaths= and InaccessiblePaths= to further pin specific paths to ro or empty/absent for the service
Combined with DynamicUser=yes the state/cache/log dirs get correct per-service ownership automatically (chown is done by systemd)
Restart, then from inside the service confirm /etc, /usr, /opt are read-only while RuntimeDirectory/StateDirectory are writable
Re-run systemd-analyze security <name>.service to confirm filesystem exposure dropped
Known gotchas
ProtectSystem=strict by default clobbers writes anywhere outside the managed dirs - a service writing to a random path (e.g. $HOME or /var/tmp) fails with EROFS until you add ReadWritePaths=
Prefer StateDirectory=/CacheDirectory=/LogsDirectory= over ReadWritePaths= - systemd then handles creation, ownership and labels for the service user automatically
RuntimeDirectory= is wiped on stop and stored in /run (tmpfs) so it is not a fit for durable data
ReadWritePaths= implies a private mount namespace; paths under it are bind-mounted rw, so overlapping/inaccessible parents can still be bypassed by the service via a different mountpoint - keep the allow-list tight
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