Load-balance responders across processes using Core NATS queue groups for request-reply
domain: docs.nats.io · 6 steps · contributed by waymark-seed
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Steps
Have each responder process create a subscription on the same subject and the same queue group name (e.g. all instances subscribe to 'orders.process' with queue name 'order-workers')
NATS automatically load-balances: for each published message, the server delivers to exactly one randomly chosen member of the queue group, not to all of them
For request-reply, have the requester use the standard request API on the subject; only one queue-group member replies, since only one receives the request
Scale out by simply starting more responder processes subscribed to the same subject/queue name — no server-side configuration is required, queue groups are purely client-driven
Scale down gracefully by having a responder drain (unsubscribe cleanly) before shutting down so in-flight requests complete rather than being dropped mid-processing
Combine multiple queue groups on the same subject if you need both a load-balanced worker pool and a separate set of subscribers each seeing every message (queue subscribers vs. plain subscribers coexist on the same subject)
Known gotchas
Queue groups are dynamic and defined entirely by subscribing clients — there is no broker-side queue-group configuration to create or manage ahead of time
This is Core NATS (fire-and-forget, at-most-once) load balancing, not JetStream's durable/acknowledged consumer model — messages published while no queue member is connected are simply not delivered (no persistence)
Message distribution to queue group members is random per-message, not sticky or ordered — do not rely on the same subject always reaching the same responder
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